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closing credits
Closing credits or end credits are added at the very ending of a motion picture, television program, or video game to list the cast and crew involved in the production. They usually appear as a list of names in small type, which either flip very quickly from page to page, or move smoothly across the background or a black screen. Credits may crawl either right-to-left (which is common in U.K. and some Latin American television programs) or bottom-to-top (which is common in films and U.S. television). The term credit roll comes from the early production days when the names were literally printed on a roll of paper and wound past the camera lens. Sometimes, post-credits scenes or bloopers are added to the end of films along with the closing credits.
==History==
The use of closing credits in film to list complete production crew and cast was not firmly established in American film until the 1970s. Before this decade, most movies were released with no closing credits at all. Films generally had opening credits only, which consisted of just major cast and crew, although sometimes the names of the cast and the characters they played would be shown at the end, as in ''The Wizard of Oz'', ''Citizen Kane'', ''Mary Poppins'', ''Oliver!'' and the 1964 ''Fail Safe''. Two of the first major films to contain extensive closing credits – but almost no opening credits – were the blockbusters ''Around the World in 80 Days'' (1956) and ''West Side Story'' (1961). ''West Side Story'' showed only the title at the beginning of the film, and ''Around the World in 80 Days'', like many films today, had no opening credits at all.
''Around the World in 80 Days'' (1956) had one of the longest and most elaborate closing credit sequences of any film. The credits took around seven minutes to finish. It provided an animated recap of the movie's three-hour storyline, identifying the actors in the order in which they appeared. ''Superman'' also had a very long closing credits sequence, which took nearly eight minutes to end, and was the longest end credits sequence ever recorded at the time of the film's release.〔''Superman''-DVD commentary by Ilya Salkind, Warner Home Video, 2006.〕 Although, some live action/animated films' end credits later ran from seven to eight minutes in length, such as ''Space Jam'' (1996), ''Scooby-Doo'' (2002) and ''The Lego Movie'' (2014). The British television series ''Spooks'' does not feature any credits, as a result of a decision made by the producers to add to the anonymity of the show's content (about the British Security Service). Instead, the credits appear as a special feature on the series DVDs, and also on the official website.
As in motion pictures, most television programs until relatively recently didn't list the entire cast and crew.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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